Behaviorism and Social Learning by B.F. Skinner Free Essay Example, 750 words

ï » ¿Behaviorism and Social Learning by B. F. Skinner The theory of operant conditioning is a thought brought forth by B. F. Skinner, which relies upon behavioral manipulations in a society to yield the desired conduct. It posits that an individual’s response to environmental factors constitutes their behavior, and as such, controlling these environmental factors extends further to affecting the individual’s overall behavior (Saccuzzo & Kaplan, 2012). Through this, the theory of operant conditioning is based on the key element of strengthening or reinforcing these factors to yield the desired responses. Moreover, individual’s cognitive development is viewed as a function of the negativity or positivity of the enforcement. From this, Skinner’s theory deducts that behavioral change and learning are correlated thereby affecting interactions within a society (Snowman et al, 2011). In light of the above, setting up an ideal society basing on these ideas require the consideration of all the principles to ensure total utopianism. The society would have one body that deals with all legal issues affecting it. The structure of this body would consist of distinct branches that deal with positive reinforces and negative reinforces. We will write a custom essay sample on Behaviorism and Social Learning by B.F. Skinner or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This is in line with the components of the operant conditioning module (Snowman et al, 2011). The same legal body would formulate the required conditions under these reinforces. From this, the positive reinforces division would be mandated with considering and implementing feasible ideas that commend good behavior in the society through incentives such as awards. On the other hand, the negative reinforces subdivision would be tasked with identifying the conditions within the community that could push individuals into undesired behavior (Saccuzzo & Kaplan, 2012). Apart from the above, the legal body would be involved with formulating the laws for the society. In doing this, the laws would be considerate of the behavioral principles such as creating a provision whereby all members of the society undergo cognitive behavioral therapy on an annual or biannual interval. This is because cognitive behavior is among the significant aspects that behavioral p rinciples lay emphasis (Snowman et al, 2011). Due to the constant behavioral therapies initiated by the bodies in authority, individuals deemed to be worthy of some check up and psychological intervention would be secluded and subjected to the appropriate action as per their levels of need (Carducci, 2009). In addition to creating a favorable environment for general economic activities, the above system would extend further to the economy of the society thereby resulting in a climate that facilitates economic growth. The economic structure would integrate only the individuals whose behaviors and cognitive capabilities are endorsed by the legal and psychological bodies within the society mandated with monitoring the cognitive abilities of the masses (Nicholas, 2009). This integration of both practitioners and psychology professionals would ensure that the economic structure of the society was composed of only mentally capable individuals to result in the best possible results and q uick decision-making in the entire economic system (Saccuzzo & Kaplan, 2012). Through this, only the group of individuals responsible for the economy will have access to the knowledge, and as such, this would be in line with the principle that advocates for limiting information to result in the reinforcement of responses (Powell et al, 2009). The reliance of the society on a cognitive therapy guided platform would ensure that the social relations of the community would be cordial and this would extend further to their family compositions (Carducci, 2009). Furthermore, the evils of the society would be faced by a well-designed procedural approach that considers all perspectives of the problems. This would consider the offender’s traits and background information. All the management programs put in place would be viewing societal tribulations from a therapeutic point of view. The management of ills would also be reliant upon the reinforcement bodies set up. This would consider the levels of positive or negative reinforcement to administer while dealing with societal occurrences (Powell et al, 2009). Moreover, according to the principle that recognizes the generalization of reinforcements across similar stimuli, the bodies would create criteria for organizing the ills into various identical factions to fall under a similar reinforcement as this forms an easier way of dealing with them (Carducci, 2009). The society would incorporate punishment into the system though it would have to be within the scope of the operant conditioning rubric. This would be in the form of identifying the offenders and subjecting them to stimuli or conditions that would trigger them to reverse their actions or respond weakly to it (Nicholas, 2009). Alternatively, it could involve the withdrawal of a favorable condition after the occurrence of a behavior (Powell et al, 2009). The successful implementation of all these steps would result in a more sane society where the power of psychic and cognitive control would form the basis of directing the society towards the required direction. References. Saccuzzo, P. & Kaplan, R. (2012). Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Powell, R. et al (2009). Introduction to Learning and Behavior. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Snowman, J. et al (2011). Psychology Applied to Teaching. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Nicholas, L. (2009). Introduction to Psychology. Texas, TX: Juta and Company Ltd. Carducci, B. (2009). The Psychology of Personality. Malden, CA: John Wiley & Sons.

What Makes Life So Precious - 882 Words

What makes life so precious? Is it the fact that our decisions determine whether we change in one day? We are born in a day, we die in a day, and can fall in love in a day. But we forget the life we take for granted the most, Earth. In the Visual argument, a lung-shaped forest is depicted with a dying right lung. Deforestation is slowly eating at Earth and causing oxygen levels to plummet. In the image, the creator shows our environment s struggle to produce oxygen due to mankind’s greed, deforestation, and illegal logging. Mankind s greed has never been satisfied since the beginning of time. Human beings are always looking for a way forward and are never satisfied even when a job is considered done. Something always has to be bigger, faster, and stronger, hence the reason why humans are separated from everything in the animal kingdom. In the visual argument, mankind’s greed is exhibited as the lung in the picture. The missing vegetation on the bottom right lung symbolizes the greed and unnecessary poaching us as humans have committed. Another way the reader might perceive the picture might be that the lack of water in the streams resembling the over consumption of water we use. Forested watersheds generally offer higher-quality water than watersheds under alternative land uses. Quality can also be higher because forests sometimes help to regulate soil erosion and reduce sediment load, although the extent and significance of this function will vary. Without our forestsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of `` Sapphire s Novel `` Push ``1570 Words   |  7 Pagesreaders. The story follows Precious through two years of her life, during which she experience all the emotions that Sapphire imposes on the reader. This is to make readers empathize with Precious. Sapphire carefully chooses her words, using specially chosen phrases at certain integral points in the novel. 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On page 36 Precious says, â€Å"When I go sit down boyz make fart sounds wif they mouf likeRead MorePrecious: A Case Study Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Precious: A Case Study Kristan Hughart Wilmington University Precious: A Case Study The move Precious (based on the novel â€Å"Push† written by Sapphire), depicts the life of a 16 year old girl named Claireece â€Å"Precious† Jones. The story is set in Harlem, NY in 1987. Precious has suffered severe abuse throughout her life by both of her parents. She has seemed to have slipped through the cracks of the system from family, the school system, child services, as wellRead MorePrecious1153 Words   |  5 PagesPrecious: A Case Study Use sociological concepts to make sense out of the life of 16 year old Clareece Precious Jones (an overweight, illiterate African-American teen in Harlem), as depicted in the 2009 film Precious. It’s based on the novel Push by Sapphire. 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Different Ways of Persuading Free Essays

A few years back, I had a very close friend who never believes that she has the ability to keep up with life. She reiterates that she is ugly and that nobody is going to like her forever. In addition to that, she insists that she is not at all intelligent. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Ways of Persuading or any similar topic only for you Order Now She states that she is useless almost every waking moment of her life. What I did was to show her that I extremely like her; see, according to the â€Å"law of liking†, individuals tend to be fond of someone showing fondness to them as well (Rinke, 2006, n. p. ). My persuasive manner of delivery actually changed her belief that nobody is going to like her (Rinke, 2006, n. p. ). When this same close friend of mine got sick of endometriosis, she did not believe that surgery can help her (Kotelnikov, 2008, n. p. ). What I did was to combine â€Å"trust, logic, and emotions† to convince her to undergo surgery for her sake (Kotelnikov, 2008, n. p. ). I had to tell her that she should trust me and I did that by explaining carefully the procedure of the operation, as well as, the advantages that it will bring her after (Kotelnikov, 2008, n. p. . The tone of my voice, as well as, my body language surely touched her as well since I was able to convince her eventually (Kotelnikov, 2008, n. p. ). There was also a time when she had a terrible family problem (Hogan, 1996, p. 95 – 114). I did not say much, simply because it is enough that I was there to listen and to show her that I care; through the non-verbal communication I carried out, I was able to convince her that her situation is not that bad after all (Hogan, 1996, p. 95 – 114). The gestures, as well as, the eye contacts were convincing enough (Syque, 2007, n. . ). On a final note, in almost all the situations that I have been there with her, I utilized â€Å"reason† to convince her (Hubpages Inc. , 2007, n. p. ). When she told me that she believes all men are bad, I immediately provided her with objective reasons why she should not continue to believe so (Hubpages Inc. , 2007, n. p. ). She was able to draw a commonsensical conclusion eventually after I presented explanations as to why she should not generalize her emotions/perceptions toward men (Hubpages Inc. , 2007, n. p. ). How to cite Different Ways of Persuading, Papers

The Case About Rf and Tatarstan Delegation of Authorities free essay sample

Why Tatarstan was succeeded to be the â€Å"elected† region in terms of its’ authorities? As far as I could understand, the reasons why Tatarstan was chosen for delegation of Authorities and this Agreement are mostly historical. Historical and political preconditions of Tatarstan turned in such way, that Russian Federation and Tatarstan were nearly in equal position. For example, Tatarstan was independent co-founder of USSR, Tatarstan Tatarstan did not participate in election of State Duma in December 1993, Tatarstan did not sign the Federative Agreement in 1992. This shows the level of independence of Tatarstan from Russian Federation. In my opinion, Tatarstan was not very powerful republic, thus, to keep on developing it needed an alliance. It had political independence, but in terms of resources and power it did not have much. Russia, on the other hand, wanted to avoid appearance of another country just in the very heart of it. To avoid repeat of Chechnya Case, Russian Authorities decided to change the way they behave about it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Case About Rf and Tatarstan Delegation of Authorities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Instead of gaining power using military forces, Russian Federation took the way of diplomacy and political alliance. Thus, we can say that both sides needed this agreement, bith sides could benefit from it, but in my opinion, Tatarstan would need it more than Russia, in the case of different location. 2. Suggest some more or less objective criteria to select regions for establishing special favorable regime of relations with the federal center. This question in my point of view cannot have theoretical solution, because in any different case there would be new accomplishments and new terms, that would challenge the theory pretty much. But still, some tips could be defined. I think that in century of innovations and technological development, very important aspect would be potential rate of development of the region. It’s not important how much the region is developed, it’s much more vital – how can we develop it. In what way we can grow industry, or culture or trade or any other side of life of country. This criterion is very subjective, I understand this, but this is more an advantage than a disadvantage. Because government should realize itself, for what reason it needs the region, why it is necessary to develop favorable relations with this or that region, in what way it could be profitable. From history of Russian Empire we know examples of having totally useless for Empire regions (Poland) and caused a lot of trouble in tries to keep it quiet and not rebelling. 3. What is the author’s opinion on respect of whether special delegation of authorities between Tatarstan and RF is a good thing? Do you agree with him and why? On example of RF and Tatarstan Agreement we can see how idea of federal construction, integration and decentralization actually works. Author has very positive opinion about creating decentralized country and going on forward in development of this way. I do not have any real opinion about this, but if we look at 70 years of centralized country, and look at what do we have to suffer afterwards, I would say that decentralization is the right way to develop country federal structure, so that all the knowledge and all the experience is circulating among regions, and let develop the weak.

Formative Evaluation Essay Example

Formative Evaluation Essay In doing a project it is important to determine some aspects which could be improved. Program evaluation is a form of social research which utilizes procedures that systematically investigate the effectiveness of certain social intervention or programs (Rossi et al, 1999). According to Patton (1997), program evaluation is the systematic gathering of information regarding the characteristics and outcomes of certain interventions. Herein, the data that will be gathered out of the evaluation will be useful particularly in making judgements about the intervention, improving its effectiveness as well as in informing decisions about future programming. The role of program evaluation is then significant for the development and improvement of various programs being implemented.In doing so, it is important to conduct a formative evaluation. The program evaluation conducted for this new instruction unit will be formative to identify which elements of to be improved and how this can be improved .   Formative evaluation helps in the assessment of efforts and modifying strategies according to the assessment (Scriven in Patton, 1991). Through this evaluation, program developers and implementers, are able to respond better to changes and conflicts involved in the intervention. The people involved in the development and implementation of the intervention can then recalibrate their efforts towards the resolution of these conflicts.   The monitoring property of the formative evaluation is also observed in the program evaluation of the instruction unit consolidated plan, which in turn helps in recognizing opportunities for redefining strategies and programs.   The program evaluation of the city is also characteristically formative as it involves parties including evaluators, sponsors, participants and stakeholders.   Further, formative evaluation helps in binding all parties involved together for better program management and assessment.Person Involved in Decision MakingIn the instruction unit, the person who will help me in making decision about the program includes the project manager and other important stakeholders of this project. For evaluating the instruction unit, the person involved in helping me to decide on the best solution includes the school administration, the teachers and the students who are directly involved in the new instruction unit.Ways to discover the problemsIn order to decide what revisions should be implemented, the evaluation process will conduct an intensive assessment to discover he problems that should be revised or improve. There are three ways on how these problems can be discovered and these include the use of survey questionnaire, in-depth interview and focus group interview approach to the stakeholders. These approaches enable the evaluator to know the feedback of the stakeholders about the new instruction unit. The evaluator will use both qualitative and quantitative approach in order to gather pertinent data that will be used in the assessment.   In this manner, to be able to utilize this concept properly, the evaluator had used interview for the representatives of each agencies related with the instruction unit at both state level and local level, survey questionnaires through mail, and data extraction from documents in local community level.How to make DecisionsIn this evaluation process, the revisions to be made will be decided after the evaluator has been analysed the data gathered from the stakeholders, written documents and the feedback of external stakeholders. In addition, the revisions to be made will also be decided by taking into considerations all the possible solutions to ensure that the problem discovered is solved. The evaluator will also conduct discussion among major stakeholders including the one who made the new instruction unit to explain the areas that ha problems and the recommended solutions after the thorough evaluation.Evidences to be usedIn this evaluation process , the information gathered from the survey and interview method will served as the evidences to ensure that the decision provided is correct and adheres to the needs of the revision of   has been presented in an organized manner and systematic manner.   Furthermore, the evidences that will be used to evaluate the instruction unit also includes the written documents about the new instruction unit before and after it was implemented to determine the essential changes and to identify the problems that needs to be addressed. Aside from these, other evidences that will be considered are the feedback of external stakeholders who have knowledge about the new instruction unit.Herein, the evaluator has used necessary and related information in order to achieve the overall objective of the evaluation.   The information and data gathered had been used in order to formulate plausible conclusion relevant to the purpose and plausible recommendations to be used.ConclusionFor the success of t he instruction unit, the program developer must be able to identify the aspects that needs revision and to be able to easily achieve the objective of the program, it is recommended that the project must be able to provide both agencies from state level and local level a clear roles and comprehensible expectations in order to deliberate their functions well.   It is important so that all the key stakeholders involved and knowledgeable about the program should have clear understanding on their roles and responsibilities so as not to be confused on the objective of the project.The state level agencies must be able to continuously exert an effort to model collaboration and coordination by guaranteeing that planning and reporting needs are rationalized and coordinated. In addition, the state level agency must include additional works to ensure better coordination of coexisting policy initiatives. Existing policy is important in maintaining the efficacy of the changes made to the progra m.In addition, it is also recommended that both state level and local level most have individuals who will continue to advocate the enhancement of the coordination, increased resources for prevention and for implementation of the selected best practices programs to maintain the success of the projectAnother plausible recommendation is to provide intensive support to the appointed coordinators in order to focus their efforts in the most important areas. It is noted that a successful counties tends to be those in which resources were devoted to coordination, compared to the used of both coordination programming. This means that focusing at what area at a time may lead to a successful implementation of program than focusing on various areas at a time.It is important that the people specifically the key stakeholder in the local area and the state area must continuously cooperate to the changes implementation in order to maintain the success of the project. In addition, if people will co operate in every endeavour that the federal government will impose there is a greater possibility of achieving the purpose of the project for the sake of the state as a whole.

How does Baz Luhrmann make his film of Romeo and Juliet exciting and relevant for a contemporary audience Essay Example

How does Baz Luhrmann make his film of Romeo and Juliet exciting and relevant for a contemporary audience Essay Example How does Baz Luhrmann make his film of Romeo and Juliet exciting and relevant for a contemporary audience Paper How does Baz Luhrmann make his film of Romeo and Juliet exciting and relevant for a contemporary audience Paper Essay Topic: Romeo and Juliet Baz Luhrmann had to encapsulate a timeless Shakespeare classic into a contemporary, snappy, interesting and engaging Hollywood blockbuster. Well, no one said it was going to be easy. But the question still remains how did he do it? Todays generation has been brought up with incredibly strong visual input through media such as television, posters, magazines and the internet. So doing justice to Shakespeare himself, while still trying to appeal to a modern audience was the first problem he would encounter. To tackle this he would have to incorporate an element that would not only relate to his target audience: teens and young adults, but would maintain the genius of Shakespeares masterpiece as well. However, Shakespeare has been thought of by many as being dreaded and boring, so Luhrmann had to overcome this first and push forward into a new realm of understanding and interest. He tried to find the things in Shakespeares work that still go on today; for example the idea of gang wars and illicit relationships. After this he substituted all the things in the original text for more updated things, guns instead of swords, cars for horses and crazy partys with drugs and transvestites instead of glittering balls. In general Luhrmann has tried modernising the whole film and using familiar images of today to give a sense of security so the people watching arent completely lost. One of the ways this was used was to have the setting in a place similar to somewhere like Miami Beach, but then changing the name to Verona Beach, the original name of the town. They have chosen this location to give an element of fun into it and lift the weight off the heavy content of the play, and since the original play was set in Italy, they mixed it in with a little Rio De Genero, giving it a Catholic slant. To make the 2 families bear a visible difference, Luhrmann dressed them in a very different style of clothes. The Montagues were dressed in easy-going Hawaiian shirts and beach like clothes, whilst the Capulets are dressed in black with cowboy boots and spurs on the end. This idea is used when the two houses fight and some western style music plays and its like a showdown. They also have pictures of Mary and Jesus on their guns which has a link to the catholic theme of the city. Luhrmanns used music to weave its way through the film so that even if you dont understand the complex language just by listening to the music and watching the screen you can get a hold on what is going on surprisingly well. He also uses special effects in the same way, so that anyone can work out the gist of whats going on. He used different camera angles to create some of the effects, for example long shots to generally set the scene for action, or to show the aftermath of something, for example at the scene of Mercutios death. At the very beginning of the film, they show the prologue as a news reporter reading it out on the news. This immediately sets the scene by showing the audience that it set in the relatively modern day. A man then repeats it while its showing some quick flashes of fights and the statues in the city and their buildings. This adds drama and properly sets the scene, as it really shows what level the fighting is at and how much each house hates each other. Looking more closely at a particular scene you can see how the special effects and music and all the elements of the film come together and make it work. The scene I chose to look at is like a turning point in the film, where the good turns bad and the true tragedy begins to unfold. At the start of the scene there is a long shot of some of the billboards near the beach. There is some dancy background music coming from a radio and the camera is darting around and pans from side to side giving the impression of someone looking around, and to establish the surroundings. Then it has a series of close-ups on peoples faces, for example people in a car driving past in bikinis and beach clothes. A beat starts then it goes to Benvolio and Mercutio walking down and play fighting with the guns and doing tricks on them. A western style of music comes on and they carry on walking down the beach. The use of guns is relevant to the society and the camera angle is rolling which gives it a strong feeling of unease, like there is something wrong. A while later the nurse arrives wearing a red outfit, which is the colour of love, so it means that love is in the air.

What was the most important reason for the growth of Western economic Assignment

What was the most important reason for the growth of Western economic and political power after c.1750 - Assignment Example Many scholars argue that industrialization process was the leading cause for increased economic, social and political changes in the Western. In fact, westerners experienced the tremendous ongoing growth period after 1750 epoch, which was marked as the first notable divergence time. This was the period when the westerners started experiencing increased per capita income and sustained growth across diverse regions globally. This made economies such as Asia and Eastern Europe affluent but Western Europe became prosperous than their counterparts. Therefore, this essay focuses on industrial revolution as the main reason behind increasing economic growth and political power in the western after 1750 epoch. Industrial revolution in the western that was marked by rapid economic and political changes was the main reason behind increased development in the western before the 1750s. Diverse developments sparkled by the beginning of industrialization in the earlier period created economic and p olitical changes. ... For instance, the Great Britain developed after 1750 due to political power and economic changes that was a result of industrialization (Goldstone 2000, p. 176). Many regions started experiencing new development changes especially in architecture. Emerging differences among the medieval and earlier modern religious practices also led to significant changes in the economy due to political changes that was a result of industrialization. Many economies emphasized on the significant of scientific aspects that led to new development in the western religion. The western region emphasized on the greater capacity to sustain economic growth and political development over time. Thus, they concentrated on the use of technology as well as made significant changes in the political system that led to increased democratization in the workplace. Secondly, the steady progression resulted due to trading activities, which was associated by increased infrastructural development. Many westerners advanced their commercial trade especially the European along the Atlantic shore of Africa. They were inspired by the need to find the means through East Asia in commercial activities. The Atlantic Ocean commercial activities that ultimately led to crossings to Pacific marine led to better economic development. This is because of the changes in technology, trade and global interactions that brought many countries together.  The new maritime technologies made global interactions possible; thus creating changes in the trading patterns across the globe. The slave commercial activities augmented because the European colonies in the United States relied profoundly on the slave commercial activities. Many merchants became richer through the slave trade activities as the slave trade activities were

Psychology (peoples behaviour) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Psychology (peoples behaviour) - Essay Example 1 This is one approach of personality theory. Personality is normally referred to as the thoughts, emotions and behaviour pattern that every person has. Personality trait can have immense variations between individuals. Many research hypotheses concur that personality has aspects that are prominent. They are very stable across situations that are referred to as shamone traits. Eysenck 1967 says that personality can be reduced to three traits that are quite major. Other scholars however, say that personality can be reduced to five traits. According to the 3F model, there are traits like psychoticism, neuroticism and extraversion. Other scholars say that personality can be reduced to the following five traits, that is, neuroticism, agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness and openness. All these are based on factor analysis which is a statistical technique. In fact these traits are the highest level factors in the hierarchical taxonomy of this technique. This method is well known to produce bipolar and continuous factors. All these actually describe one's individual differences. The trait theory is based on various assumptions. One of them is that people are normally born with traits that are inherited. The trait theory asserts that these traits are quite different fro one person to another though some people may have similar traits that they inherited from parents or even grandparents etc. Some of these traits that are inherited can be suited for carrying out leadership responsibilities. In this case a person finds that he or she can easily handle leadership tasks without having any prior knowledge in the field. According to the trait theory, people who naturally make good leaders just have sufficient or the right combination of these traits. Inherent traits can be diverse such that one person may have many different traits. There are people who may have minimal traits that are inherited while others may have so many. Early researches that were done concerning the trait theory used successful leaders as the audience. So the attention was majorly based on discovering the inherent traits that made them to be successful. There was the assumption that if other people were found with the same traits then it meant that they had the potential of becoming great leaders too. One of the scholars called Stogdill (1974) noted that the following skills and traits were very critical to leaders; Traits Skills Adaptable to situations Alert to social environment Ambitious and achievement-orientated Assertive Cooperative Decisive Dependable Dominant (desire to influence others) Energetic (high activity level) Clever (intelligent) Conceptually skilled Creative Diplomatic and tactful Fluent in speaking Knowledgeable about group task Organized (administrative ability) Persuasive Source; Stogdill, R. (1974): Handbook of leadership; a survey of the literature; New York; Free Press Eysenck (1997) asserts that majority of extroverts have got low levels of cortical arousal as compared to introverts who have higher levels. According to the 3F model, individual differences in neuroticism and extraversion have physiological and genetic antecedents.2 Psychodynamics theory This is actually

Case Analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Analysis - Article Example I think public administration is an integrating science which means it consists of a number of several disciplines working as one, and as such, public administrators should be concerned mainly with theory and practice (Hamel & Breen, 2007). Therefore, I see public administration as a science because knowledge is generated and evaluated according to the scientific principles as evident in the case. Public administration is also concerned with human resource management which is an in-house structure that mainly functions to ensure that public service staffing is done in an unbiased, ethical and values-based manner without favoritism. The basic functions of the HR system will include employee benefits and training of employees. Further, organizational theory in Public administration which is the study of the structure of governmental entities and the many particulars put into them. Administrative ethics in public administration serves as an approach to decision making. Additionally, policy analysis serves as a guide to decision making. More so, public budgeting is the activity within a government that allocates scarce resources among unlimited and varied demands. In this case, the main administrative principles such as openness and transparency, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness reliability and predictability are missing because of biasness (Kumar & Sharma, 2000). I think, without public administration, the government cannot operate and manage own activities effectively and efficiently as required. The administration plays a vital and crucial role for delivering and distributing the public services to all corners of the country. Administration spreads all over the country for supplying the governmental and public goods and services up to the countryside from the urban centers and to rural areas. Public administration is very significant

Impact of Direct Tax on Consumer Equilibrium

Impact of Direct Tax on Consumer Equilibrium OBJECTIVE This term paper is being done in order to check and determine the effect of various factors of the direct tax that have an impact on the consumer equilibrium. The main objective of this term paper is as under: To determine what is direct tax and consumer equilibrium Analysis of articles Impact of direct tax and other factors on consumer equilibrium. INTRODUCTION In introduction , we will start with the basic like- what is direct tax and what is consumer equilibrium. We will discuss these two in a elaborated manner. DIRECT TAX CONSUMER EQUILIBRIUM DIRECT TAX The term direct tax generally means a tax paid directly to the government by the persons on whom it is imposed.In the general sense, a direct tax is one paid directly to the government by the persons. on whom it is imposed (often accompanied by a tax return filed by the taxpayer). Examples include some income taxes, some corporate taxes, and transfer taxes such as estate (inheritance) tax and gift tax. In this sense, a direct tax is contrasted with an indirect tax or collected tax (such as sales tax or value added tax (VAT)); a collected tax is one which is collected by intermediaries who turn over the proceeds to the government and file the related tax return. Some commentators have argued that a direct tax is one that cannot be shifted by the taxpayer to someone else, whereas an indirect tax can be. The direct tax definition is not complete until we do not define or throw some light on indirect tax, thus- INDIRECT TAX A tax that is not assessed on and collected from those who are intended to bear it. Unlike a direct tax , it cannot take individual circumstances into account. Although levied on Producers , the burden of an indirect tax may be shift to consumers. Ex: value added tax, sales tax, payroll tax and excise duties CONSUMER EQUILIBRIUM When consumers make choices about the quantity of goods and services to consume, it is presumed that their objective is toÂÂ  maximize total utility.ÂÂ  In maximizing total utility, the consumer faces a number ofÂÂ  constraints, the most important of which are the consumersÂÂ  incomeÂÂ  and theÂÂ  pricesÂÂ  of the goods and services that the consumer wishes to consume. The consumers effort to maximize total utility, subject to these constraints, is referred to as theÂÂ  consumers problem.ÂÂ  The solution to the consumers problem, which entails decisions about how much the consumer will consume of a number of goods and services, is referred to asÂÂ  consumer equilibrium. Determination of consumer equilibrium.ÂÂ  Consider the simple case of a consumer who cares about consuming only two goods: good 1 and good 2. This consumer knows the prices of goods 1 and 2 and has a fixed income or budget that can be used to purchase quantities of goods 1 and 2. The consumer will purchase quantities of goods 1 and 2 so as to completely exhaust the budget for such purchases. The actual quantities purchased of each good are determined by the condition for consumer equilibrium, which isÂÂ   This condition states that the marginal utility per dollar spent on good 1 must equal the marginal utility per dollar spent on good 2. If, for example, the marginal utility per dollar spent on good 1 were higher than the marginal utility per dollar spent on good 2, then it would make sense for the consumer to purchase more of good 1 rather than purchasing any more of good 2. After purchasing more and more of good 1, the marginal utility of good 1 will eventually fall due to the law of diminishing marginal utility, so that the marginal utility per dollar spent on good 1 will eventually equal that of good 2. Of course, the amount purchased of goods 1 and 2 cannot be limitless and will depend not only on the marginal utilities per dollar spent, but also on the consumers budget. LITERATURE REVIEW Hegde, Prakash and Barve, Nachiket, June 27,2010, Impact of direct tax code on individual, BUISNESS LINE says that Though most of the existing provisions of the income-tax law are finding place in the DTC, many provisions are new or modified that will affect the individuals significantly.The prominent ones are like DTC proposed significant reduction in individual income-tax by increasing tax slabs 30 per cent tax rate at an income level of Rs 25 lakh (present Rs 8 lakh).If proposed tax slabs and rates are implemented, then taxpayers take-home pay may see a substantial jump. However, in view of relaxation or rollbacks of other tax proposals, one has to wait and watch whether Government still intends to offer the proposed tax slabs and rates. EEE preferred over EET, EET results in higher tax at retirement in contrast to ability to pay. Recognising the fact of absence of a well developed social security system and other challenges (technical / administrative) Government thought it fit to retain EEE and partial EET. One of the strange provisions in DTC, which had not caught public attention but can affect a common man travelling abroad, is furnishing an undertaking to the tax officer to the effect that he has made satisfactory arrangement for discharging his tax liability in India before he leaves India. The tax officer has to issue a no-objection certificate for his travel. If travel is made without a no-objection certificate from the tax office, the owner or charterer of the aircraft will be held responsible to pay the taxes due, if any.This process would have been more of a hurdle than a smooth ride. Gillingham, Robert and Greenlees, John S, 4 August 1987, The Impact of Direct Taxes on the Cost of Living says in the article that, a cost-of-living index including direct taxes. They show its relationship to the traditional index and demonstrate how non consumption costs are properly treated. They then define a fixed-weight approximation, a tax and price index (TPI). Using federal, state, local, and social security tax rates for 1967- 85, the authors construct annual TPI series based on household data. They find that inclusion of direct taxes has sizable impacts on the estimated rate of inflation. Partitioning their household sample, they find that recognition of taxes significantly alters inflation rate differentials estimated using consumption prices alone. Subramani, V.K, 29, August 2010, Expectation from code revision, according to the author, There is a huge expectation that the revised Code would address the concerns of the taxpayers at large, by retaining the existing tax concessions and providing smooth transition, with minimal scope for confusion or litigation. There is Positives, negatives traits of the code. There are some positives in the first draft of the DTC, such as: (i) minimum rate of personal tax at 10 per cent for incomes up to Rs 10 lakh;(ii) deduction in respect of savings (similar to Section 80C) up to Rs 3 lakh;(iii) presumptive taxation of income for turnover up to Rs 100 lakh;(iv) short-term capital loss under the present law, called as terminal allowance in the DTC, eligible for deduction while computing business income; and(v) making reference to financial year instead of the currently used terms such as previous year and assessment year.The negatives of the DTC, prima facie, include: (i) clubbing of spouse inc ome with the income of spouse, whoever has higher income;(ii) restricting the exemption in respect of accumulated balance in provident fund account up to March 31, 2011;(iii) denying carry forward of business loss to any year, if the return is filed beyond the due date both in the year of incurring loss and any subsequent year in which it is carried forward with or without set off ;(iv) denying deduction in respect of medical treatment expenses (present Section 80 DDB) to HUF;(v) reduction in time limit for passing order of rectification to two years;(vi) advancing the date for filing the return of tax base and imposing penalty for failure to file tax base return before the due date as against the present time limit of March 31 of the assessment year; and(vii) giving precedence to the DTC in the event of conflict between DTAA and DTC. Parthasarathy, Suresh, 20,June 2010, How the revised tax code impact us, BUISNESS LINE, says that without social security the proposed EET (Exempt-Exempt-Taxed) structure was harsh on individuals, the revised code has proposed to bring some relief to long-term savings investment such as PF, PPF, New Pension Scheme, approved pure life insurance, annuity schemes and GPF. These will now be subject to the Exempt-Exempt-Exempt (EEE) method of taxation rather the EET model proposed last year. . The revised DTC proposes to follow the existing method of tax deduction on home loan at least for the interest paid. In case of the house being self-occupied, the individual will be eligible for deduction of interest on capital borrowed for acquisition or construction of the house, subject to a ceiling of Rs 1.5 lakh, from the gross total income. This revised proposal is a change from the earlier stand of disallowing tax exemptions on the interest and principal paid on house property. The New Pensio n Scheme, was struggling to find patronage owing to uncertainties relating to its tax structure. In a attempt to make this scheme more attractive and to introduce some flexibility in making withdrawals in lump sum without being subject to taxation, the revised code proposes to extend the EEE method of taxation to the pension scheme administered by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority, apart from PF, GPF and recognised Provident Funds. Under the revised code, capital gains arising on account of transfer of equity shares or units of an equity oriented fund held for more than one year will be computed after allowing a deduction at a specific percentage of capital gains without any indexation. Buch, Drupadh, 30 July 2010How Revised Direct Taxes Code Will Impact Senior Citizens, EZINE ARTICLES, according to the author of the article, it states that how direct tax has impact on senior citizen there has not made any changes in the Income Tax Rates and Income Tax Slabs that were proposed in the original draft. That means there is no change in the basic exemption limit for the Senior Citizens (resident individual of 65 years or above), which is 240,000 per year. In the revised DTC, there is no change in the limit of deductions from taxable income for savings in specified investments. In the original draft, the limit has been proposed to be revised to 300,000 from the present limit of 100,000. However, it should not make much difference to the Senior Citizens, as the tax incentives for savings are basically meant for the youngsters. , the retirement benefits such as gratuity, commuted pension, voluntary retirement compensation and leave encashment will be exempt from tax subject to specified limits. Original Draft DTC had proposed a scheme of deferment of tax on retirement benefits, that is, the retirement benefits would not be taxed if it were invested in a Special Retirement Benefit Account, which would be subsequently taxed in the year of withdrawal. In the New DTC, be it in the original draft or in the revised discussion paper, there is nothing very much special for the senior citizens except the higher income tax slabs and the corresponding reduced tax rates. If the basic exemption limit of 240,000 for senior citizens were revised substantially, it would have definitely been a great boon to the Senior Citizens. Latest IRI Research Finds a New Consumer Equilibrium Emerging as Economy Continues to Transform It is no secret that the ongoing economic turmoil is dramatically affecting consumers shopping and purchase behaviors. Consumers are eating out less, reducing the number of doctor visits and foregoing vacations to stretch their limited dollars. But, which consumer groups are driving these cost-saving strategies? The latest research from Information Resources (1) The data and information assets of an organization, department or unit. See data administration. (2) Another name for the Information Systems (IS) or Information Technology (IT) department. See IT. , Inc. (IRI), Competing in a Transforming Economy 4.0: The New Equilibrium leverages post-inaugural survey results to identify key consumer segments that are leading the change and helps retailers and manufacturers connect with their most important consumers. Since the beginning of 2009, a new consumer equilibrium has emerged in which behaviors initially implemented to weather the storm have the potential to last well beyond an economic recovery. In this phase of our research, we went beyond studying the common spending, self-reliance and self-health strategies that are becoming common place in todays environment and examined how economic pressures have driven different types of consumersby income level, household composition and even varying consumer mindsetsto change their strategies. Gidwan, Sunil and Desai, Jignesh, October, 2010, New Direct Tax Code: Impact on Banking sector, THE ANALYST. According to the author, The DTC is a good step taken by the Government of India to reduce litigations and simplify the tax provisions followed for nearly five decades. The banking sector plays a vital role in the economic development of any country. In India, the financial service sector is now acknowledged as the next growth engine. It is therefore crucial that fiscal policies recognize this role and through various measures support and strengthen the sector. Despite the representation made on behalf of the financial service sector after the first draft of the Direct Tax Code (DTC), the new DTC does not seem to address some of the issues faced by the banking sector. India has a better banking system in place, as compared to the other developing countries, but there are several issues that need to be addressed in order to ensure that these issues do not remain as hurdles in t he sustained economic development of the country. . A number of stringent proposals were brought in the draft Direct Taxes Code, 2009. There were several areas of concern. Most of them, such as asset-based Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) and treaty override, were addressed by the Finance Minister through the release of a Revised Discussion paper earlier in June this year SOURCE OF DATA: The source of data that I have used is SECONDARY SOURCE DATA. Secondary data is elected in form of information which has already been collected by someone. Along with this some information on direct tax, their features are collected from internet. For more information regarding research methodology , books from library have been referred. ANALYSIS OF THE TOPIC The direct tax and the consumer equilibrium has a direct relationship with each other. The direct tax code slabs affect the consumer in many ways and its not just only direct tax that has an impact on the consumer equilibrium there are many other things that effect consumer equilibrium. When the direct tax which are implemented on the individual are low, i.e., the rate of tax that a consumer has to pay is minimum, it provides him the larger window to earn more money as less money will be deducted from his earnings. Due to this the budget line of the consumer will show the deviation, it will move towards right side INDIFFERENCE CURVE EQUILIBRIUM POINT BUDGET LINE QTY OF A QTY OF B Fig a:High direct tax Figb: Low direct tax As we can see the above figure depicts if the direct tax that the individual has to pay are decreased than there will be the upwards shiftment of the budget line which will allow the consumer to buy more products by increasing his budgets. Indifference curve in the figure plays an important role , indifference curve should be tangential to the budget line because its the most optimum level at which the consumer could use his budget to get maximum satisfaction. The following conditions should be kept in mind for consumer equilibrium: Consumer spends all the income in buying two commodities ;hence point of equilibrium will lie on budget line. The point of equilibrium will always be on the highest possible indifference curve that consumer can reach. Slope of indifference curve should be equal to the slope of budget line. In other words: MUm/MUn = Pm/Pn There are also some major factors that has effect on consumer equilibrium, which are as under: Price effect Income effect Substitution effect Price Effect: Change in the price of the any of the goods he consumes will also lead to change the equilibrium point. Price effect shows the reaction of consumer to the change in the price of a commodity, other things remaining the same. It measures the change in amount (quantity) demanded of a commodity with change in its price when price of the other commodity with which it is being combined remains the same. When there is increase in the price of a commodity, obviously he consumes it less (and becomes worse off). And when the price of the commodity decreases or falls, he consumes the commodity more (and becomes better off). Remaining the consumption of a commodity in the combination same, it is clear that when the price of commodity (another in combination) increases, consumer shifts to the lower indifference curve, and when price falls, consumer goes to higher indifference curve. When the price of a commodity in X-axis increases (remaining the price of commodity on Y axis same, consumer will certainly reduce the consumption of commodity in X axis. Budget line shifts downward. After increase in the price of good in X axis, his budget line moves down wards. He gets the new equilibrium point at which it is lower. This is in case of rise in price of a commodity. Price Consumption Curve may be upward sloping, downward sloping (or backward sloping). Nature of slope of PCC shows the types of goods and their cross elasticity of two goods. Slope PCC is dependent on the nature of goods whether they are inferior, superior, luxurious or whether the combination is complements or substitutes. Income effect: When there is change in income of consumer, there is change in equilibrium point due to change in quantity demanded; when there is change in income, there is shift in budget line. Generally income and quantity demanded relationship is positive. But it depends on the nature of goods whether it is inferior or normal. If good is griffin paradox or inferior, income demand relationship is negative. A line joining equilibrium points which are set due to change in income is income consumption curve. When there is increase in income , quantity demanded of both commodities increases. PL is the original budget line or price line. When income of consumer decreases from PL to PL1, consumer consumes both the commodities less and Equilibrium E1 is set on new budget line P1L1 and in lower Indifference Curve IC1. But when there is increase in income of consumer, his budget line shifts upward to the right from the origin (P2L2). During increase in income, consumer consumes both the commodities more and equilibrium is set at point E2 on higher IC on budget line P2L2. Both commodities in X and Y axis are normal goods so ICC is sloping upward. E2 E1 P2L2 PL P1L1 PL1 Substitution Effect: Substitution effect is also one of the responsible factor to cause change in consumers equilibrium. Substitution effect is the result of consumers inherent tendency to substitute cheaper goods for the relatively expensive ones. Substitution effect means the change in the purchase of a commodity as a consequence of change in relative price alone, real income remaining the constant.When price of a good changes, the real income (or purchasing power) of the consumer is also changed. To keep real income of the consumer constant so that the effect due to change in relative price may be known, price change is compensated by simultaneous change in income. For example when the price of good X falls, real of consumer increases. To find the substitution effect (i.e change in demand of X due to change in its relative price), we reduce the money income of consumer (to cancel the increase in real income due to fall in price of X). For further study of substitution, two slightly different theories have been developed. Theory developed by Hicks and Allen is called Hicks Substitution Effect and theory developed by E.Slutsky is known as Slutsky Substitution Effect MERITS/DEMERITS OF DIRECT TAX MERITS OF DIRECT TAXES Direct taxes are the main income sources of government. These taxes are easy to calculate on income and wealth of individuals and businesses. Direct taxes finance government affairs to run smoothly. These taxes help government to start and continue public welfare operations DEMERITS OF DIRECT TAX The implementation or direct tax is a tough job as people are resistant and show wrong assessment of their income and avoid tax payment. Direct tax has the negative impact of individual income and decrease the amount of disposable income. The collection is difficult as compare to indirect tax where consumer do not feel a direct burden of tax. Cost of collection of direct tax is greater than indirect tax. Change in the rate and pattern is also difficult for direct taxes as compare to indirect taxes

Australian Poet Kenneth Slessors Use of Imagery Essay -- Night Ride O

Australian Poet Kenneth Slessor's Use of Imagery Slessor's complex poems use many types of imagery, his imagery is one of his artistic techniques which defines him from other poets in Australia. One could say that his powerful words paint a picture for the reader but as they say, seeing is believing. Slessor uses many types of imagery however death, time and water are the main ones. He uses these in his poems Night Ride, Out of Time, Five Bells and Beach Burial. Slessor in Night Ride talks about the journey of life, he talks of death as being slow, depressive and lonely. He says, "Soon I shall look out into nothing but blackness". This dark portrait of death is dark, fearful yet beautiful. In Out of Time, slessor again about death. He say's, "The gulls go down, the body dies and rots". This literal image of death which one can not talk of it as being beautiful, quite the opposite actually. In Beach Burial however he paints a soldiers death. Slessor says, "Enlisted on the other front". The reader envisions this as if their soldiers were doomed before the battle, the 'other front' which he talks of is of course the afterlife. Later in the poem he says, "The convoys of dead soldiers come". His use of the word convoy gives the audience a military type picture, but mental image is copious amounts of soldiers coming to their deaths. His imagery of time too is very important in his poems. In Night Ride, he talks about time as being slow but fast at times. A train which the ... Australian Poet Kenneth Slessor's Use of Imagery Essay -- Night Ride O Australian Poet Kenneth Slessor's Use of Imagery Slessor's complex poems use many types of imagery, his imagery is one of his artistic techniques which defines him from other poets in Australia. One could say that his powerful words paint a picture for the reader but as they say, seeing is believing. Slessor uses many types of imagery however death, time and water are the main ones. He uses these in his poems Night Ride, Out of Time, Five Bells and Beach Burial. Slessor in Night Ride talks about the journey of life, he talks of death as being slow, depressive and lonely. He says, "Soon I shall look out into nothing but blackness". This dark portrait of death is dark, fearful yet beautiful. In Out of Time, slessor again about death. He say's, "The gulls go down, the body dies and rots". This literal image of death which one can not talk of it as being beautiful, quite the opposite actually. In Beach Burial however he paints a soldiers death. Slessor says, "Enlisted on the other front". The reader envisions this as if their soldiers were doomed before the battle, the 'other front' which he talks of is of course the afterlife. Later in the poem he says, "The convoys of dead soldiers come". His use of the word convoy gives the audience a military type picture, but mental image is copious amounts of soldiers coming to their deaths. His imagery of time too is very important in his poems. In Night Ride, he talks about time as being slow but fast at times. A train which the ...

Culture and Disease Essay

Malaria is one of the diseases that are responsible for the highest mortality and morbidity rates in Africa especially among children (World Bank, 2009). In fact, it is one of the greatest public health concerns in Africa and most of the health programs are aimed at prevention and treatment of the disease (World Bank, 2009). This disease is common among Africans compared to other ethnic groups due to economic, cultural, economic and social factors. In a bid to fight this scourge, Africans have been using several methods to control the spread of malaria and the methods have included both the modern and traditional approaches. Malaria is an infectious disease which is usually caused by a parasite that is known as plasmodium. These parasites are protozoan in nature and they are of several species which include Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium vivax (Sherman, 1998). Among these species, the most serious and fatal species to human beings is P. falciparum. The plasmodium is transmitted to humans by the female anopheles mosquitoes and its lifecycle involves two hosts which are the human host and a mosquito vector (Sherman, 1998). In the lifecycle of the plasmodium it forms sporozoites which are found in the gut of the female mosquito (Russel & Wolfe, 2008). The female mosquito transmits the sporozoites to human beings through a bite. These sporozoites move into the human liver where they enter the liver cells and mature into a schizont which contains numerous merozoites (Russel & Wolfe, 2008). These merozoites are released into bloodstream where they invade the red cells thereby forming schizonts with numerous merozoites. These are released from the red blood cells into bloodstream where they invade more red cells. As the red cells are bursting to release the merozoites, toxic compounds are released which causes the fever and the clinical symptoms that are associated with malaria (Russel & Wolfe, 2008). In the bloodstream, some of the merozoites differentiate into the male and female gametes which are taken up by the mosquito from the infected person and these two fertilize each other in the gut of the mosquito and they develop into sporozoites (Russel & Wolfe, 2008). These are transmitted to another human being through a bite by the mosquito. Though the principal mode of malaria transmission is by mosquito bites, there are other methods that can transmit the malarial parasite. One of these is blood transfusion following existence of dormant plasmodium parasites in the donor’s blood. This can make the transfused person to suffer from a febrile illness and for these reasons in areas where malaria is endemic a full course of chloroquine is administered to potential recipients of blood (Kakkilaya, 2006). Another mode of transmission is transmission from mother to child among pregnant women. These parasites pass to the child through the placenta especially if the mother has no immunity (Kakkilaya, 2006). The last mode of transmission is through needle stick injury which can be either accidental as happens among healthcare providers or intentional as happens among drug addicts who share needles (Kakkilaya, 2006). There are several factors that make Africans vulnerable to malaria and one of these are the environmental factors which contribute to spread of the disease. To begin with, malaria is a climate related disease where it is mostly found in the tropic and subtropic regions. The climate in Africa particularly the annual mean temperature is mostly within the tolerance limit of the plasmodium species and this makes the parasite to thrive thus rendering the populations living in this area vulnerable (Leary, 2008). Another environmental factor is weather disturbances in Africa which influences the breeding sites of the vectors thereby increasing the transmission potential of malaria (Leary, 2008). These weather disturbances occur in the form of prolonged droughts and heavy rains. There are several social and cultural factors that make Africans vulnerable to malaria disease. One of these is increased human population in Africa and this has led to swamp reclamation and deforestation in a bid to find more land for settlement. The effect of these activities has been the creation of puddles which provides good breeding sites for the mosquitoes which in turn transmit malaria (Leary, 2008). When the vegetation is removed, what happens is that the temperatures increase and this aids in malaria transmission. Another factor is self medication where many people in Africa buy drugs over the counter and treat themselves at home (Leary, 2008). This has led to development of drug resistant strains of plasmodium necessitating continuous replacement of anti-malarial drugs. This has made the populations in Africa susceptible to the disease since instead of dealing with the problem the populations create more problems by creating drug resistant strains of plasmodium. In addition, many people treat themselves with anti-malarial drugs that have already been ruled as ineffective thereby putting themselves at risk of developing serious and complicated malaria (Leary, 2008). Another factor is lack of knowledge on the disease among both the communities and the public health officials. A study done in 2004 showed that in East Africa people are required by the Public Health Act to clear the bushes around their houses as a way of preventing the spread of yellow fever yet studies have shown that clearing of bushes creates favorable breeding conditions for malaria (Leary, 2008). This increases the vulnerability of Africans to malaria disease since effective measures are not taken to prevent spread of malaria. Economic factors also increase the vulnerability of Africans to malaria. Poverty levels in Africa are high which means that there are inadequate economic resources to invest in healthcare thereby making people vulnerable to malaria epidemics. Most of the populations here live below a dollar a day and also cases of food shortages are very common which makes obtaining food rather than malaria prevention a priority (Leary, 2008). These economic hardships also make it difficult for populations to seek good healthcare services. Most just go to the private clinics or to the local dispensaries most of which have no equipment for diagnosis thus resulting in inappropriate prescriptions (Leary, 2008). In addition, some of the medical staff found in these healthcare facilities are not qualified. The reason as to why most of the people prefer the local dispensaries is cost constraints where they cannot afford motorized transport and thus prefer to use cheap means of transport such as bicycles (Leary, 2008). Myths and cultural beliefs also make Africans vulnerable to malaria. This is particularly with regard to the cause and prevention of malaria. Some people believe that malaria is caused by witchcraft or supernatural forces and a good example is Uganda where the populations here associate convulsions which are a form of malarial complication with supernatural forces (Leary, 2008). This really makes the populations vulnerable to malaria since they cannot take measures to prevent malaria. In addition, due to such beliefs, people who have malaria are not treated with conventional medicine which is more effective but are treated using traditional medicine which is not that effective. This makes the populations susceptible to malaria epidemics since the problem is not being addressed thereby ensuring the spread of the disease and increasing mortality rates. Other people associate malaria with certain foods and a good example is populations in Tanzania who believe that malaria is due to consumption of maize meal (Leary, 2008). This belief results from the fact that maize meals in Tanzania are commonly consumed in times of food shortages which occur following too much or too little rainfall (Leary, 2008). These climatic conditions are also associated with increased cases of malaria. However, the populations associate malaria with the food they commonly eat at that time and therefore they do not eat maize meals as a way of fighting malaria (Leary, 2008). This only serves to make them more vulnerable to malaria. There are several methods that are used to control the spread of malaria. Some of these methods are aimed at lowering exposure to infectious mosquito bites and these include indoor spraying using insecticides, use of bed nets that are insecticide treated, and use of repellants (Falola & Heaton, 2007). Insecticides are used to reduce the number of adult mosquitoes while materials such as repellants repel mosquitoes away from an individual thereby curbing the spread of the disease. Another method involves treatment of the disease using drugs. Though drug resistance has been a great problem in fighting malaria, drugs have proven to be effective in suppressing the parasite within the host thus preventing further spread of the disease (Falola & Heaton, 2007). Other treatment methods involve interfering with the breeding sites of mosquitoes and these include draining of stagnant water and spraying of breeding sites with insecticides. Apart from these methods of preventing the spread of malaria, the African population has its alternative methods of dealing with malaria. One of these involves use of traditional medicine. Traditional healers in Africa diagnose and treat malaria using indigenous roots, herbs, and leaves which are usually prepared and taken orally (Maslove et al. , 2009). This acts as a barrier to the fight against malaria since their diagnosis is based merely on symptoms and not diagnostic evidence which may lead to improper treatment thus further spread of malaria due to delayed treatment (Maslove et al. , 2009). Traditionally, Africans have relied on good sanitation practices such as proper disposal of garbage and draining of swamps as a way of preventing malaria and up to date their method remains effective and aids the fight against malaria (Falola & Heaton, 2007). However, this approach ignores mosquitoes as the vectors involved in the spread of malaria thereby hampering the fight against malaria (Falola & Heaton, 2007). Though Africans have taken steps to address malaria, a lot still remains to be done. There is a great need for education on the causes of malaria as by understanding the causes of malaria preventive and treatment strategies can be effectively implemented. There is also the need to educate the African traditional healers on malaria so that they can use better approaches in the treatment of malaria. References Falola, T. & Heaton, M. M. (2007). HIV/AIDS, illness and African well-being. New York, NY: Rochester Press. Kakkilaya, B. S. (2006). Transmission of malaria. Retrieved 23 August, 2010 from http://www. malariasite. com/malaria/Transmission. htm Leary, N. (2008). Climate change and vulnerability. USA: Earthscan. Maslove et al. (2009). Barriers to the effective treatment and prevention of malaria in Africa: A systematic review of qualitative studies. BMC International Human Rights, 9(29), 2321- 2337. Russel, P. J. & Wolfe, S. L. (2008). Biology volume 2: The dynamic science, volume 2. Belmont, CA: Thomson Publishers. Sherman, I. W. (1998). Malaria: Parasite biology, pathogenesis, and protection. Washington, DC: ASM Press. World bank. (2009). Intensifying the fight against malaria: The world bank’s booster program for malaria control in Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Future of Management.

Future of Management. In today's emerging economy, the best companies require managers with strong management skills, as well as outstanding leadership abilities. According to the current wisdom, managers are principally administratorsthey write business plans, set budgets and monitor progress. Leaders on the other hand, get organizations and people to change. That i's true, as far as it goes, but there is a more useful distinction between management and leadership: Management is a function that must be exercised in any business, whereas leadership is a relationship between leader and the employees that can energize an organization. Both management and leadership skills are essential for keeping a solid foundation during today's rapidly changing business world.Of course, the management function can include problem solving and facilitating meetings as well as the traditional bureaucratic tasks. However, it is not necessary for the same person in a group to exercise all these tasks. Different people can tak e on parts of the management function.Conduct Business Process ReengineeringSomeone on a team can do the planning. Another person can do the budgeting. A third team member can monitor quality. Members of a team can take turns facilitating meetings. The team as a whole can share responsibility for meeting performance targets. In other words, organizations do not need managers to produce good management.Management helps the business grow. The larger an organization is, the more ways information and materials can flow. As processes become more complex, small delays at each step add up to long delays shipping product and serving customers. Well-run projects are sometimes neglected, drift off course, and start to drain time and money instead of replenishing them. It is the manager's job to measure, root out the inefficient, prune the irrelevant, and bring errant projects back to the fold. Managers also guide people by setting up and running the...

The Role of Offshore Outsourcing in Contemporary International Business The WritePass Journal

The Role of Offshore Outsourcing in Contemporary International Business Introduction The Role of Offshore Outsourcing in Contemporary International Business Introduction Offshore outsourcing is a term most widely used in today’s international business prospective describing the companies contracting or subcontracting their service or manufacturing oriented jobs and business functions to a location beyond their national boundaries. The trend started in 1980s with the amplified import of materials used in basic US manufacturing industry from about 10.5% to 16.2% and in hi-tech manufacturing such as electronics and computers from 26% to 38%. These created a hint of belief in the western companies about the benefits of using offshore outsourcing to their advantage and reduce their cost and enhance the product quality. The incentive seen by western companies was the low cost manufacturing driven by cheap labor cost abroad especially in the eastern part of Asia such as China, Taiwan, and Philippines etc. In today’s scenario offshore outsourcing is majorly motivated by the relocation of service based business process such as call centers, info rmation technology, document management, accounting and tax processing to the emerging economies such as India and China. Reduced communication costs, standardized software and international procedures have fuelled offshore outsourcing to immense extent. The dissembling of production process and introduction of value chain system boosted the need of globalization and with it outsourcing by adding value to a single product at different parts of the world. All major corporations over the world are striving for economies of scale and to capture and fulfill demands of every possible segment of the market, regarded as a major reason behind offshore outsourcing. According to XMG Global the outsourcing market value is in tune of US$ 373 billion with its portfolio ranging from banking, travel, automobiles and telecommunication etc.( www.businessweek.com, 25 Sep 2009). In global prospective China is leading the way in production offshoring and India in service offshoring. The western companies which were more financially sound and capable than their counterparts in rest of the world started the trend of offshore outsourcing. They realized that focusing on their core competencies will bear them more lucrative fruits in long run rather than spending their critical resources on processes which were categorized as strategically less important. Ever increasing globalization, swiftly changing technology, increasing demand and constant shift in taste of consumers forced managers to differentiate their offerings and increase operational efficiency of the firm. They started segregating the components involved in the business process and outsourced them to places around the globe at lesser cost with almost equal qualitative delivery. The larger dollar value compared to the currencies of the emerging economies made the offer attractive for both the customer firm and the vendor. Services are usually measured to be very labor concentrated and are not regarded unde r core competency for majority of the firms is the key target for outsourcing to low cost economies (Elmuti and Kathawala, 2000;  Purcell, 1998). While labor cost constituted almost 70 per cent of call center costs in the USA, they only account for approximately 30 per cent of costs in India.(Loh and Sharma,2009) Western companies take benefit of these differences by using capital equipment more intensively (more shifts), using cheaper (unbranded) capital equipment, and reducing automation (replacing capital with labor) (The McKinsey Quarterly, 2003) cited in (Loh and Sharma,2009). The fees in service outsourcing are usually charged as per usage basis changing the fixed cost into variable costs proving advantageous for them. Western Companies can add extra market value and increase their savings significantly through outsourcing, while focusing majorly on their core proficiency. Apple Inc used this feature to its success and is a prime example of a firm concentrating on its core c ompetency and outsourcing rest of the process to remote location. The product designing is done at its California headquarters while the manufacturing is done in China and the delivery is completed by a different vendor, every procedure is done under a strict quality control making Apple an untouched leader in its segment. There are major risks also involved with the outsourcing of the services to an unknown vendor in the other part of the world. Risks range from privacy and security violations, diminished technical returns, hidden costs, loss of expertise and difference in cultural values of the vendor and the consumer nations. There is always an emphasis on meeting of the Service level agreements to maintain the quality of the services being delivered. The North American free trade agreement (NAFTA) gave a big thrust to shifting of manufacturing related process from US to Mexico, the trend later benefited China which offered the same products on more competitive cost because of the very low wages, few workers rights and higher value of US dollar compared to fixed valued Yuan. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. the biggest retailer in the world is the emblem of Chinese export to the US market. It is expected to increase its imports from China to US$ 18 billion up by 20% compared to last year (China Daily, 18 March 2011), this shows the advantage of offshore outsourcing with increasing sales revenue for the firm and better strategic opportunism by getting its goods just in time and of the superior quality as demanded by the Wal-Mart. So far 70% of the products sold in Wal-Mart are imported from China. (China Daily, 18 March 2011). The workforces concerned with the Western Companies are majorly affected if the company decides to go for offshore outsourcing. Almost 3 million manufacturing job has been relocated from the developed economies to the emerging low cost nations due to offshore outsourcing(Whalen, 2005), the figure is 3.4 million for the service industry further inducing fear and stress in a major chunk of population to lose their job in near future(Associated Press, 2004). Another concern is the workers losing their jobs due to Outsourcing have to forcefully settle for almost 20% less reduction in pay. (Whalen, 2004)  . The supporting division of offshore outsourcing believes that outsourcing has created new positions domestically. By displacing one thousand jobs to India in 2003, Delta Airlines reduced its cost by $25 million. This money was utilized to create 1200 new reservation and sales jobs in US (Weidenbaum, 2004).  Outsourcing the low skill jobs has shaped an opportunity to create a niche and expert workforce in the core ield of the company. In some cases the employees of the customer firm are hired by the outsourcing vendor to get the insight technical expertise. The emerging market companies were the second beneficiaries of the globalization and offshore outsourcing. The examples of offshore outsourcing in the manufacturing are the electronic components, Apparels, toys and consumer goods in China, Thailand, Korea, Indonesia, India and Malaysia. While the service sector offshore outsourcing is mainly done from India, China and Philippines. The emerging market companies have the chief advantage of cheap labor compared with their western counterparts which reduces the production costs significantly. Emerging market companies can move up the ladder from low value to high value in the global supply chain and gain invaluable technical expertise which it can use for further developments and acquiring new customers.   India gained with this recent development from its huge pool of technically efficient and English speaking manpower. There are around 2.5 Million IT/ITES professionals in India (NASSCOM, 2011) .Western Multinational Companies are int ensifying offshore operations insistently in India, even as offshore vendors continue to grow at home (Associated Press, 2007) and abroad (Hamm, 2007) cited in (Sharma and Loh, 2009). In India the total value of Outsourcing is valued at US$ 88.1 billion in FY2011 up significantly from US$ 76.1 billion in FY2010 and it has become a noteworthy part of national GDP with a contribution of 6.4% (NASSCOM). The important companies being Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Infosys, Wipro and Mahindra Satyam. Narayana Murthy, cofounder and chairman of Infosys states that India has a competitive lead and that successful offshore outsourcing involves the development of distinctive capabilities, rather than simply offering low labor costs. (Strategic Direction,2004) The offshore outsourcings have also created some challenges for the emerging market companies which are of great concern to both nation and society. The growth shown is not very well spread and concentrated on a very few parts of country and population. The companies are more focused on catering the needs of foreign multinationals thus neglecting the domestic market needs. There is a huge amount of investment required in training and keeping up to date with the needs of overseas customers. If the service delivery of the vendor is not as per the customer requirement and if the privacy and security issues are compromised there is a possibility of legal hassle between them. The workforce involved with the emerging market companies has the opportunity to enhance their career with the growing market needs and acquire more knowledge and expertise in their field. The disadvantages of offshore outsourcing are sometimes the exploitation of the workforce in terms of long continuous working hou rs and very low salary. The poor condition of workers in factories producing leading apparels in Indonesia is the prime example of this type of exploitation. The workers are mostly bounded by legal contracts to serve their company for a longer period of time barring them to move to better jobs. The offshore outsourcing has thus created wealth for both western as well as for the emerging market companies and bridged the gap across the national boundaries. It also has created many challenges for to be overcome in the near future and derive the world towards a better future and prosperity. Bibliography: Associated Press. (2004) Study: Offshoring of U.S. jobs accelerating.  MSNBC.  Retrieved October 8, 2007 from www.msnbc.com/id/5003753. associatedcontent.com/article/2183103/the_effects_of_outsourcing_does_it_pg3.html?cat=3 [Accessed: 17th March 2011 ] Ellram, L and Tate, W. 2009. Offshore outsourcing: a managerial framework. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing 24(3/4). Pp. 256-268 Elmuti, D., Kathawala, Y. (2000), The effects of global outsourcing strategies on participants attitudes and organizational effectiveness,  International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 21 No.2, pp.112-28. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 2004. The rise of offshore outsourcing to India. Strategic Direction 20(4). pp: 14-16 Frank G. and Tafti, M. 2005. Risks factors associated with offshore IT outsourcing. Industrial Management Data Systems. 105(5). pp:549-560 Kumar, S. et all. 2009. Risk mitigation in offshoring of business operations. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 20(4). pp: 442-459 Patricia, L and Sharma, A. 2009 .Emerging trends in sourcing of business services.Business Process Management Journal 15(2). pp: 149-165 Purcell, K. (1998), In-sourcing, outsourcing, and the growth of contingent labour as evidence of flexible employment strategies,European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 7 No.1, pp.39-59. (The) McKinsey Quarterly (2003), Offshoring and beyond,  The McKinsey Quarterly, November businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/sep2009/gb20090925_476872.htm [Accessed: 17th March 2011 ] Weidenbaum, M. (2004, June). Outsourcing and American jobs.  Weidenbaum Center breakfast presentation at Washington University in St. Louis.  Retrieved October 6, 2007 fromhttp://wc.wustl.edu. Whalen, C. (2005) Research note offshoring: still a threat to workers.  WorkingUSA,  8(6), 717. Retrieved October 5, 2007 from Business Source Complete database. chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/29/content_395728.htm [Accessed: 17th March 2011 ] nasscom.in/upload/Publications/Research/140211/Executive_Summary.pdf [Accessed: 17th March 2011 ] Associated Press (2007), India IT cos to hire 1 lakh In 07-08,  Express India, April, available at: www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid =85509 (accessed 17 August 2007), Hamm, S. (2007), Guess whos hiring in America,  Businessweek, June, available at:www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jun2007/gb20070613_771470.htm?chan=search (accessed 17 August 2007), . (The) McKinsey Quarterly (2003), Offshoring and beyond,  The McKinsey Quarterly, November

Impact of Competitive and Organizational Context on Manchester Unit of Essay

Impact of Competitive and Organizational Context on Manchester Unit of Amifood - Essay Example In order to empower the low skilled employees of Amifood, it needs to generate the sense of responsibility so that they take their task seriously. It can be performed by offering employees with a few choices. The socioeconomic position and social background are the factors which can impact the choice of employees (Staw, 2006). Effective organizational context can support and strengthen the capabilities of employees by developing a supportive environment and by providing adequate resources in terms of training, higher wages and advanced equipment (Pierre & Et. Al., 2011). In the case of Amifood, it can be observed that the comparative pay of tray operatives is lower than similar jobs of other companies, which has directly created anxiety among the workers and reduced the level of performance. A reward system on the basis of performance of employees in the Manchester Unit can further promulgate effectiveness in healthy work environment. Benefits and Costs from Increase to the Real Wage s of Low Skilled Operatives The wage setting in an organization is an uncertain procedure. According to ‘Conventional Theory’, it can be said that â€Å"marginal product of labor is similar to the real wage† of employees (Millea, 2002). If employees become more useful, then organizations can react with increase of the amount of real wages. On the other hand, the ‘Efficiency Wage Theory’ says that, higher wages provide an encouragement for employees to upsurge their efficiency. The cost of turnover of employees is directly related with the wage amount. According to the observation of Campbell (1993), employees who receive comparatively higher wages are much unenthusiastic to quit the job. It can be stated that high real wages... It is evident from the study that Human Resource Management (HRM) is a vital segment in any organization which deals with managing the relationships with and among employees and controlling their performance. The practices of HRM in organization include recruitment, training, performance appraisal and reward among others. Effective HRM at work can guarantee high quality loyal employees which are beneficial for organization. It is the duty of HRM to motivate employees so that they can put their best effort towards work. Motivation of employees is significant for any organization to improve the productivity and gain competitive advantage. Among other factors the financial aspects can be used as a motivator for low skilled employees of Amifood because their pay was comparatively lower than other organizations which in turn resulted in higher absenteeism, less enthusiasm to work for extra hours and high rate of turnover. Demotivated employees can fail to deliver quality services and it c an harm the reputation of the company. Therefore, appropriate change in HR process is significant for Amifood to make them dedicated towards work and make a strong position in the international market. Several theory depicts that employees can be motivated by money, thus many companies apply higher pay to make them perform effectively. Where employees’ productivity is directly connected with the achievement of company aims, higher pay can be used as motivator.

BUS503 - Org. Change and Transformation Mod 5 SLP Essay

BUS503 - Org. Change and Transformation Mod 5 SLP - Essay Example Companies that attempt a change fail because of the unexpected barriers so it is important to understand them. Though these leaders are not effective, they have been there a long time and they are well known by everyone. There will certainly be some individual contribution to putting up barriers to this part of the change. There will be disbelief, anger, and reluctance on the part of the employees. The board will be to initiate this change right away. They will have to establish a sense of urgency, assuring that the plan is fully defined and skillfully present the plan to the hospital. They will have to be sure to include all of the benefits this transition will bring to the hospital employees. Publicize any success that is possible right away (Jick & Peiperl, 2007) and try to separate the change from the past. There are both individual and structural barriers here. There will be a sense of loss of power to that management group that is left which is essentially an individual barrier. The mid level directors for example. This fear of loss of power will also cause a barrier to the change with managers dragging their feet and even manipulating to cause problems with the change. This will need to be handled right away not allowed to sit so it will not get out of hand. Bringing this group in ahead of time and showing them what the change could mean for them and for their staff will be very important. It will be important here also to establish a sense of urgency in convincing the management staff of this change. Incentives are a good thing to use in this instance assuring that both formal and informal leaders are on the side of the change. Complacency cannot be tolerated during this process and it is essential to assure that everyone is on the side of the change (Kotter, 2007). The board will need to continue to bring about this part of the change. Once the management and senior management group are aligned and the plan is organized

Management of common minor injuries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management of common minor injuries - Essay Example Somatic pain that emanates from the skin, muscles, bones, ligaments, and joints can be regarded as the most prevalent form of pain encountered in musculoskeletal injuries. Somatic pain can be categorized into two types: deep and superficial. Usually, deep somatic pain is lasting and mainly indicative of sizable tissue damage to the internal joint structures/muscles (O'Connor 2013, p.87). Wrist and sprains have analogous signs and symptoms but differ anatomically. Wrist sprains and sprains mainly result from a fall onto an outstretched hand. The hand’s position and/or rotation at point of impact determine the form of and severity of the injury. Complex wrist and hand anatomy can render a diagnosis of wrist injuries on a challenging task (Parmelee-Peters and Eathorne 2005, p.35). The scaphoid represents the most dominantly injured carpal bone, accounting for close to 70% of carpal fractures. The management of wrist injuries should encompass rehabilitation of muscles weakened and motion lost by pain, immobilization, and inflammation. The rehabilitation should respond to five goal-oriented phases: (1) minimizing pain and inflammation, as well as oedema, if present; (2) enhancing pain-free range of motion; (3) reinforcing and enhancing general condition; (4) enhancing coordination and flexibility; (5) returning to normal work with prevention of injury that may include utilization of protective equipment (Moulton and Yates 2012, p.125). Discussion Scenario 1: The immediate pain in the left wrist below the thumb could arise from sprained thumb injury sustained after the fall. A sprained thumb is a dominant cause of thumb pain and swelling. This may emanate from damage to the Ulnar Collateral Ligament at the base of the thumb. In cases where the patient experiences severe sprained thumb injuries, there is frequent immediate thumb swelling and bruising may develop. The capability to pinch grip small objects maybe frequently impaired owing to the resultant instability within the Meta-Carpo-Phalangeal (MCP joint). Diagnosis for sprained thumb made through physical examination, whereby stressing the Ulnar Collateral Ligament may reveal instability within the joint (Kamper, Mahoney, Nelson, and Peterson 2001, p.371). This can be confirmed by undertaking an x-ray while stressing the joint; nevertheless, x-ray evidence may not be always helpful in isolation. Sprains usually tend to resolve in a period of about 4-6 weeks and can be aided by physiotherapy treatment. Ultrasound can be an effective mode of assessment in the early stages, coupled with mobilization, can help

Our Greatest American President Essay Example for Free

Our Greatest American President Essay Franklin Delano Roosevelt became our thirty-second President in one of the most critical times in the history of the United States since the Civil War. Born to wealth, FDR held a sense of social importance at an early age. This attribute would soon become an important part of his political career. He was also faced with the despair of a devastating disease. Roosevelt was forced to view himself in a different perspective, however he took his illness and turned it into a way of helping others that were stricken with the same misfortune. This showed tremendous integrity in Roosevelt not only as a man but as a great President. During his tenure as Vice President, Roosevelt contracted the disease poliomyelitis and became completely paralyzed. This was one of the greatest obstacles that he had to face in his life, but he quickly overcame this hurdle and worked diligently to establish a foundation known as the March of Dimes to help other polio victims. Eventually, an effective vaccination was introduced. Roosevelt had married a distant cousin, Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, who was able to provide much support in both his personal and political lives. The United States at the time was going through a critical period and the American family was important to everyone. Having a supportive first lady Roosevelt quickly gained the admiration of many Americans. The Great Depression had been present for almost three years and FDR had his work cut out for him. He had used the Great Depression as the back drop of his Presidential campaign and when he took office, he quickly set out to reform the economy and â€Å"undertook immediate actions to initiate his New Deal. †(fdrlibrary. marist. edu) There were some critics, but the majority of Americans welcomed Roosevelt’s policies. He set up a special session of congress that lasted 100 days and was geared towards the passage of legislation that created the Agriculture Adjustment Administration, to support farm prices, and the Civilian Conversation Corps, to employ young men. The country was faced with an unemployment rate of 30%, but FDR’s efforts proved his compassion for the American people and his empathy despite the fact of his privileged birth. Roosevelt had gained extreme popularity with the American people and easily attained the Presidency for a second term. Roosevelt was faced with offense from the Supreme Court stating that some of his New Deal policies went against the principles of the United States Constitution. Roosevelt attempted to add new justices to the Supreme Court that would be more tolerant of his policies. â€Å"However, many even in his own party opposed him in this attempt to pack the court, and the Congress defeated it. †(notablebiographies. com/Ro-Sc/Roosevelt-Franklin-D. html) This developed a bitter rapport between FDR and Congress. But, despite this scarred relationship, FDR ran for a third term. â€Å"The presidential campaign of 1940 was the climax of Roosevelt’s plea that Americans set themselves against the Nazi threat. †(notablebiographies. com/Ro-Sc/Roosevelt-Franklin-D. html) Roosevelt was certain that Adolf Hitler was a dangerous man who intended to conquer all of Europe. Americans remembered their disappointment after World War I, and there were many of them who leaned toward supporting the Germans rather than the group of countries known as the Allies. The Allied force consisted of: Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. Roosevelt had to promise the American people that young Americans would not be sent overseas in battle. Roosevelt won the third election but very narrowly. Not long into the third presidential term the United States was attacked. â€Å"On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the Pearl Harbor naval base in Hawaii, causing serious losses to American forces. †(notablebiographies. com/Ro-Sc/Roosevelt-Franklin-D. html) Four days later Germany and Italy declared war against the United States. Although Roosevelt had set out to engage the United States in the war, he now had no choice. The mood of the American people also quickly changed. Congress immediately â€Å"enacted a draft for military service and the â€Å"lend-lease† bill in March 1941 to enable the nation to furnish aid to nations at war with Germany and Italy. †(fdrlibrary. marist. edu) The factories in the United States began producing as they had before the Great Depression. Roosevelt worked diligently with his military advisors exercising his powers as Commander-in-Chief. On January 1, 1942, the â€Å"Grand Alliance† was created through a declaration of the United Nations. â€Å"The United States and its allies invaded North Africa in November 1942 and Sicily and Italy in 1943. The D-Day landings on the Normandy beaches in France, June 6, 1944, were followed by the allied invasion of Germany six months later. †(americanhistory. about. com/od/franklinroosevelt/p/pfdroosevelt. htm) In his third term as president, the Great Depression would come to an end, but FDR wanted to ensure that this devastation would not happen again. In 1934, he proposed a national social security system that, he hoped, would prevent another such depression. Citizens would never be without at least minimum incomes again, because the social security system (still used today) used money paid by employees and employers to provide support to those who were unemployed, retired, and disabled. † (notablebiographies. com/Ro-Sc/Roosevelt-Franklin-D. html) Although Roosevelt had not actually fought in the war, he fought tremendously for it. By early 1944 Roosevelt had literally worn himself out. He won a fourth re-election easily, but because of his failing health, while vacationing in Warm Springs, Georgia, on April 12, 1945, he suffered a massive stroke and died. The United States, during Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s presidency, faced many similar situations that our county is once again facing. Because of FDR’s compassion, strength, character, and perseverance, we were able to overcome those obstacles and become a stronger nation. I can only hope that our current leadership will use the past as a guide to steer their actions and, once again, lead our country to more prosperous times. Work Cited www. fdrlibrary. marist. edu www. americanhistory. about. com/od/franklinroosevelt/p/pfdroosevelt. htm www. notablebiographies. com/Ro-Sc/Roosevelt-Franklin-D. html http://www. whitehouse. gov/about/presidents/franklindroosevelt/ http://www. fdr. net/